The Aether 1165 Upd (2027)

The standard wood type for crafting essential items like pickaxes and crafting tables.

While this paper focuses on Latin Europe, 1165 also saw rich aether discussions in Al-Andalus and the Middle East. Averroes (Ibn Rushd, b. 1126) was writing commentaries on Aristotle that would reach Europe decades later. In these, the aether remains strictly celestial. Jewish philosopher Abraham ibn Ezra (d. 1167) similarly described the rakia (firmament) as a transparent, ethereal substance. The Latin West in 1165 lagged slightly behind these traditions but was rapidly catching up via Toledo’s translation school. the aether 1165